[FUTURE of OTTOMANISM] Osmanliligin âtîsi: Dostlari ve düsmanlari.

Paperback. Slightly chipped spine. Cr. 8vo. (20 x 14 cm). In Ottoman script. 48 p. Osmanliligin âtisi: Dostlar ve düsmanlar. Roumi: 1331 = Gregorian 1915. Baykurt was a Turkish politician and soldier who served as deputy of first period of the Turkish Republican Parliament. He was first minister of Turkish foreign affairs in the Republican period. He participated as an officer in the Battle of Tripoli. The province of Tripoli and Fizan were accepted as places of exile in the last period of the Ottoman Empire. This tractate was previously serialized in Efham newspaper. "Future of Ottomanism". Ottomanism was a concept which developed prior to the First Constitutional Era of the Ottoman Empire. Its proponents believed that it could solve the social issues that the empire was facing. It was strongly influenced by thinkers such as Montesquieu and Rousseau and the French Revolution. It promoted equality among the millets. The idea originated amongst the Young Ottomans in areas such as the acceptance of all separate ethnicities in the Empire regardless of their religion, i.e. they were all 'Ottomans' with equal rights. Put simply, Ottomanism stated that all subjects were equal before the law. Ideally, all citizens would share a geographical area, a language, culture, and a sense of a 'non-Ottoman' party who were different than them. The essence of the millet system was not dismantled, but secular organizations and policies were applied. Primary education, conscription, head tax and military service were to be applied to non-Muslims and Muslims alike. The major precursors to Ottomanism were the Reformation Edict of 1856, which promised full equality regardless of religion, and the Ottoman Nationality Law of 1869, which created a common Ottoman citizenship irrespective of religious or ethnic affiliation. Ottomanism was rejected by many in the non-Muslim millets and by many Muslims. To the former, it was perceived as a step towards dismantling their traditional privileges. Meanwhile, the Muslims saw it as the elimination of their own superior position. There were claims that Ottomanism was a reaction to the Tanzimat, the era of intensive restructuring of the Ottoman Empire by the bureaucratic elite. The inauguration of the Ottoman Parliament contributed to the spirit of reform as all millets were represented in this bicameral assembly. Ottomanism was a form of nationalism, likely inspired and created as a reaction to European ideas of nationalism and the growing Western involvement in the Ottoman Empire. Ottomanism enjoyed a revival during the Young Turk Revolution of 1908, and during the Second Constitutional Era. It lost most of its adherents during the First Balkan War of 1912-13, when the Ottoman Empire lost most of its European territories inhabited by Christian minorities and large number of Muslims fled from those areas while many Christians fled from the remaining Ottoman territories. Disappointment in the failure of Ottomanism was integral to the birth of Turkish nationalism during the next decade. (Source for Ottomanism: Wikipedia). First and Only Edition. TBTK 5735.; Özege 16027.; OCLC: 32884462 / 222400228. Library of Congress, Karl Su?ssheim Collection, no. 362.

Lingue: Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928)