Disentangling Dyslexia : Phonological and Processing Impairment in Developmental Dyslexia. Maria Vender / Linguistic Insights ; 212

Tadelloses Exemplar. - Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Preface -- Chapter One: An Introduction To Developmental Dyslexia -- 1 Introduction -- 2 On the difficulty to find a comprehensive definition -- of Developmental Dyslexia -- 3 Manifestations of Developmental Dyslexia -- 31 Reading difficulties -- 311 A theoretical approach to reading: -- the Dual-Route Model -- 312 The development of reading: -- Frith�s model of learning to read -- 32 Spelling difficulties -- 33 Phonological deficits -- 34 Vocabulary development and lexical retrieval -- 35 Grammatical deficits -- 351 The Interpretation of Tough Sentences -- 352 The Interpretation of Pronouns -- 353 Comprehension and Production of -- Relative Clauses -- 354 The Interpretation of Passive Sentences -- 355 The Interpretation of Grammatical Aspect -- 356 Morphosyntactic Agreement -- 36 Attention deficits -- 37 Motor deficits -- 4 Precursors of Dyslexia -- 5 Summary and Conclusions Chapter Two: Developmental Dyslexia: Theoretical Perspectives 71 -- 1 Introduction71 -- 2 The Visual Deficit Hypothesis73 -- 3 The Auditory Deficit Hypothesis74 -- 4 The Magnocellular Deficit Hypothesis76 -- 41 The Magnocellular Systems and its disruption -- in Dyslexia 76 -- 42 Reading deficits as a consequence of -- magnocellular disorders77 -- 5 The Phonological Deficit Hypothesis79 -- 51 Deficit or delay? The Developmental -- Lag Hypothesis80 -- 52 Phonological deficits causing or caused by -- poor reading?81 -- 53 Underspecified phonological representations or -- difficulties in accessing them?82 -- 54 Strengths and weaknesses of the Phonological -- Deficit Hypothesis85 -- 6 The Double Deficit Hypothesis87 -- 7 The Working Memory Deficit Hypothesis90 -- 71 What is Working Memory?91 -- 72 Baddeley and Hitch�s Original Model of -- Working Memory93 -- 721 The Phonological Loop94 -- 7211 The Phonological Loop and -- Language Competence: evidence -- from language disordered and -- language gifted people 99 -- 722 The Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad 101 -- 723 The Central Executive 103 -- 724 The Episodic Buffer 105 -- 73 Baddeley�s revised Model of Working Memory 106 -- 74 Working Memory and Development 107 -- 75 Working Memory, Cognitive Skills and -- Neuro-developmental Disorders 109 -- 76 Working Memory and Dyslexia 112 -- 8 Summary and Conclusions117 -- Chapter Three: Working Memory Skills In -- Developmental Dyslexia121 -- 1 Introduction 121 -- 2 Participants122 -- 3 General Design and Procedure 123 -- 31 Tasks assessing the functioning of the -- Phonological Loop 125 -- 311 Digit Recall 125 -- 312 Word List Matching 125 -- 313 Word List Recall 126 -- 314 Nonword List Recall 126 -- 32 Tasks assessing the functioning of the -- Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad 127 -- 321 Block Recall 127 -- 322 Mazes Memory 127 -- 33 Tasks assessing the functioning of the -- Central Executive 128 -- 331 Listening Recall 128 -- 332 Counting Recall 129 -- 333 Backward Digit Recall 130 -- 4 Results130 -- 41 The Phonological Loop 131 -- 42 The Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad 134 -- 43 The Central Executive 135 -- 5 General Discussion138 -- 6 Summary and Conclusions 140 -- Chapter Four: The Phonological and Executive Working -- Memory Deficit Hypothesis 141 -- 1 Introduction 141 -- 2 Working Memory and Human Cognition 142 -- 3 Working Memory and Language Comprehension 145 -- 31 The comprehension of garden path and -- ambiguous sentences 148 -- 32 The comprehension of object relative clauses 150 -- 33 Further evidence in favor of the Capacity -- Constrained Comprehension Theory: extrinsic -- memory load and distance effects 151 -- 34 Is there a general verbal Working Memory or -- a specific and independent WM for language -- comprehension? 152 -- 4 The Phonological and Executive Working Memory -- Deficit Hypothesis 155 -- 41 How the hypothesis explains reading and -- spelling deficits 157 -- 42 How the hypothesis explains phonological deficits 160 -- 43 How the hypothesis explains vocabulary and -- naming deficits 161 -- 44 How the Phonological and Executive Working -- Memory Deficit Hypothesis explains -- grammatical deficits 162 -- 441 The Interpretation of Tough Sentences 163 -- 442 The interpretation of pronouns 164 -- 443 The Interpretation of Relative Clauses 166 -- 444 The Interpretation of Passive Sentences 167 -- 445 The Interpretation of Grammatical Aspect 168 -- 45 How the hypothesis accounts for -- morphosyntactic deficits 169 -- 46 How the hypothesis accounts for attention deficits 170 -- 5 Summary and Conclusions 171 -- Chapter Five: The Computation of Scalar Implicatures -- in Developmental Dyslexia 173 -- 1 Introduction173 -- 2 What are Scalar Implicatures? 174 -- 21 The interpretation of scalar expressions in -- downward entailing contexts 178 -- 3 The computation of scalar implicatures: -- the Structural and the Pragmatic Approach 179 -- 31 Experimental studies assessing Scalar -- Implicatures� computation 183 -- 311 The computation of Scalar Implicatures in -- children: acquisitional data 184 -- 312 The computation of Scalar Implicatures in -- adults: experimental data 186 -- 32 The Reference-Set Computation 188 -- 4 Experimental Protocol 190 -- 41 Experiment 1: a statement evaluation task 190 -- 411 Participants191 -- 412 Design and Procedure 192 -- 413 Results193 -- 414 Discussion 195 -- 42 Experiment 2: the interpretation of quantifiers 196 -- 421 Participants196 -- 422 Design and Procedure 197 -- 423 Results 200 -- 424 Discussion201 -- 43 Experiment 3: the interpretation of frequency -- adverbs202 -- 431 Participants202 -- 432 Design and Procedure202 -- 433 Results 205 -- 434 Discussion 207 -- 44 Experiment 4: The interpretation of disjunction 207 -- 441 Participants207 -- 442 Design and Procedure208 -- 443 Results210 -- 444 Discussion212 -- 45 Experiment 5: A Felicity Judgment Task213 -- 451 Participants213 -- 452 Design and Procedure214 -- 453 Results215 -- 454 Discussion217 -- 5 General discussion 217 -- 6 Summary and Conclusions221 -- Chapter Six: The Interpretation of Negation in -- Developmental Dyslexia223 -- 1 Introduction223 -- 2 The semantics of negation224 -- 21 Negation in classical logic224 -- 22 Negation and presuppositions228 -- 23 Markedness of negation232 -- 3 Processing of negation 234 -- 31 The earlier experimental studies on negation: -- Wason (1961) and Carpenter and Just (1975) 235 -- 32 First solutions: Wason�s �context of plausible denial� -- and the pragmatic theory of negation 237 -- 33 Carpenter and Just�s Psycholinguistic Model -- of Sentence Verification240 -- 34 Negation and Accessibility244 -- 35 Kaup, L�dtke and Zwaan (2007): The Two-Step -- Simulation Hypothesis245 -- 36 An original proposal to account for the processing -- of negation in sentence-picture verification tasks: -- The Model of Sentence-Picture Match Processing -- for Negative Sentences251 -- 4 Experimental Protocol 255 -- 41 Participants256 -- 42 Design and Procedure 257 -- 421 Experiment 1: The interpretation of -- negative sentences257 -- 422 Experiment 2 - The interpretation of -- passive negative sentences258 -- 43 Results259 -- 431 Results of Experiment 1 259 -- 432 Results of Experiment 2 262 -- 44 General Discussion265 -- 5 Summary and Conclusions266 -- Chapter Seven: The Interpretation of Pronominal -- Expressions in Developmental Dyslexia269 -- 1 Introduction 269 -- 2 The interpretation of referential expressions -- in the Accessibility Theory 270 -- 21 How the Accessibility Theory works274 -- 22 Processing costs of Accessibility Theory276 -- 23 The interpretation of zero pronouns and -- phonetically realized pronouns276 -- 3 Processing costs of zero pronouns� and phonetically -- realized pronouns� resolution: A proposal277 -- 4 Experimental Protocol281 -- 41 Participants 281 -- 42 Design and Procedure 282 -- 43 Results285 -- 44 Discussion290 -- 5 Summary and Conclusions 292 -- Chapter Eight: Concluding Remarks295 -- 1 Introduction295 -- 2 The Cerebellar Deficit Hypothesis299 -- 21 Ullman�s Declarative/Procedural Model 303 -- 3 The Phonological and Executive Working Memory Deficit -- Hypothesis and the Cerebellar Deficit Hypothesis: -- a comparison between the two hypotheses306 -- 4 Summary and Conclusions307 -- References311 ISBN 9783034320641